Hardy-Schulze rule: The coagulation power of precipitated ion is more if its valency is high. For example, coagulation power series of Al 3+, Na + and Ba 2+ is Al 3+ > Ba 2+ > Na +. In a sentence this rule state as “Greater is the valency of the oppositely charged ion of the electrolyte being added, the faster is the coagulation”.
The results reported here show that the standard Schulze-Hardy-Rule (SHR), based only in the valence z, is not longer valid to obtain the right values of CFC. In this work it is reported a correct determination of CFC for di- and tri-valent ions using different types of silica nanoparticles.
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Studies, edited by S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy, T. Lawrence, and W. R. Nord, 215–254. In Europe for example, EU Commission Regulation EC No 244/,. 2009 and EU Balksjö, 2011, 2012; von Schultz, 2013). This led to a pledge to Hardy. Mikkelsen. Reno Djurs, Environmental. Manager.
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Both, the initial pH slope (-pH The Schulze-Hardy rule is an empirical rule named after its discoverers Hans Schulze (1853-1892) and William Bate Hardy (1864-1934). After that, hydrophobic colloids can be effectively flocculated by multiply charged ions ( cations or anions) of opposite charge when exposed to electrolytes . The chemical nature of the ions is of secondary importance. Multiply charged ions such as the aluminum The DLVO theory of colloid stability provided an explanation of the long-standing Schulze–Hardy rule, that the critical coagulation concentration (c.c.c.) is proportional to some inverse power of the counter-ion valency ().
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This is known as the Schulze-Hardy rule. Derjaguin and Landau and Verwey and Overbeek worked independently and used the knowledge from Schulze-Hardy rule to describe the stability of lyophobic colloids to develop this theory (the classic DLVO theory) which explains the result of particle interaction in lyophobic colloids. Schulze hardy rule.
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The coagulation capacity of different electrolytes is different. Request PDF | Schulze-Hardy rule revisited | The classical Schulze-Hardy rule suggests that the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) decreases as the inverse sixth power of the counterion
According to Hardy-Schulze rule, greater the valency of the active ion or flocculating ion, greater will be its coagulating power.
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Extended version of the Schulse-Hardy rule The SHR states that the valence of the ions of opposite charge to the colloidal particles (counterions) is the most important characteristic for the colloidal stability: the greater is the valence, the faster is the flocculation ( Hiemenz and Rajagopalan, 1997 ); the valence determines the CFC according to:
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This Overbeek, J. T. G.. "The Rule of Schulze and Hardy" Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 52, no. 5, 1980, pp. 1151-1161. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198052051151 2013-02-15 · The Schulze–Hardy (SH) rule is an empirical rule, stating that the coagulation concentration c cr of hydrophobic sols decreases very strongly with the valency z of the counterion. It stems from the end of the nineteenth century, and its qualitative validity has since been confirmed over and again for a variety of sols and conditions.
The DLVO theory of colloid stability provided an explanation of the long-standing Schulze–Hardy rule, that the critical coagulation concentration (c.c.c.) is
It stems from the end of the nineteenth century, and its qualitative validity has since been confirmed over and again for a variety of sols and conditions. Answer given by the offocial body was (1). Yeah Hardy-Schulze rule does say that for a positive sol as the charge of the anion in the salt increases the flocculating value decreases (if the charges of anions in 2 salts are different then does not depend on number of negative ions per molecule of salt and the rule still holds good).
The critical coagulation concentration (or CCC) is inversely proportional to the 6th power of the charge (empirical Schulze-Hardy rule): C~1/z 6. According to the Schulze-Hardy rule, the concentration oi a binary electrolyte required to flocculate a hydrophobic sol clepends mainl\; on the valeilcy of the ion According to the Schulze-Hardy rule, the critical coagulation concentration for a metal salt is a.directly proportional to the counter-ion valence. b.inversely one as surface, we get the Schulze-Hardy rule for the ions with the opposite sign. § 4. We take a system containing a mixture of uni-uni-valent electrolytes.